ORIGEN DEL ÁLGEBRA
Destrezas que se trabajan: Reading, listening, writing and speaking.
1º Lectura individual del texto
As a branch of mathematics, algebra emerged at the end of the 16th century in Europe, with
the work of François Viète. Algebra can essentially be considered as doing computations
similar to those of arithmetic but with non-numerical mathematical objects. However,
until the 19th century, algebra consisted essentially of the theory of equations.
Babylon
Babylonian algebra was
much more advanced than the Egyptian algebra of the time; whereas the Egyptians
were mainly concerned with linear equations the Babylonians were more concerned
with quadratic and cubic equations. The Babylonians had developed flexible
algebraic operations with which they were able to add equals to equals and
multiply both sides of an equation by like quantities so as to eliminate fractions
and factors. They were familiar with many simple forms of factoring, three-term quadratic equations with positive
roots, and many cubic equations although it is not
known if they were able to reduce the general cubic equation.
Middle East
There are
three theories about the origins of Arabic Algebra. The first emphasizes Hindu
influence, the second emphasizes Mesopotamian or Persian-Syriac influence and
the third emphasizes Greek influence. Many scholars believe that it is the
result of a combination of all three sources.
Throughout their time in power, before the fall of
Islamic civilization, the Arabs used a fully rhetorical algebra, where often
even the numbers were spelled out in words. The Arabs would eventually replace
spelled out numbers (e.g. twenty-two) with Arabic numerals (e.g. 22), but the Arabs did not adopt or develop a syncopated or
symbolic algebra until the work of Ibn al-Banna in the 13th century and Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī in the 15th century.
The Muslim Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmīwas a faculty member of the "House of Wisdom" (Bait al-Hikma) in Baghdad, which was established by Al-Mamun.
Al-Khwarizmi, who died around 850 CE, wrote more than half a dozen mathematical
and astronomical works, some of which were based on the Indian Sindhind. One
of al-Khwarizmi's most famous books is entitled Al-jabr wa'l muqabalah or The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and
Balancing, and it gives an exhaustive account of solving polynomials
up to the second degree. The book also introduced the fundamental
concept of "reduction" and "balancing", referring to the
transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is,
the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation. This is the
operation which Al-Khwarizmi originally described as al-jabr
Fragmentos de texto extraídos de la siguiente web: https://en.wikipedia.org
2º El auxiliary de conversación leerá el texto haciendo hincapié en la pronunciación.
3º El alumnado responderá a las siguiente preguntas de forma individual
- What is the meaning of "unknown" in algebra? Can you give us an example?
- What is the universal symbol for the unknown quantity?
- What theories were there about the origins of Arabic Algebra?
4º Trabajo en pareja. En turnos de dos minutos, cada alumnos expresará en inglés el significado de uno de los dos párrafos.
QUÉ ES EL ÁLGEBRA
Destrezas que se trabajan: Reading, listening and writing.
El alumnado verá el siguiente vídeo en la plataforma Edpuzzle respondiendo a las preguntas que se formulan.
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